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Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly.〔Kaplan, R.M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009). Standardized tests in education, civil service, and the military. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues (7 ed. pp. 325-327). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.〕 It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty.〔Kaplan, R.M., & Saccuzzo, D.P. (2009). Standardized tests in education, civil service, and the military. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues (7 ed. pp. 325-327). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth〕 This format is designed to measure the test-taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's ''g''. (''g'' is often referred to as general intelligence.) The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936.〔Raven, J. C. (1936). ''Mental tests used in genetic studies: The performance of related individuals on tests mainly educative and mainly reproductive.'' MSc Thesis, University of London.〕 In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6x6, 4x4, 3x3, or 2x2 matrix, giving the test its name. ==Versions== The Matrices are available in three different forms for participants of different ability: * Standard Progressive Matrices: These were the original form of the matrices, first published in 1938. The booklet comprises five sets (A to E) of 12 items each (e.g., A1 through A12), with items within a set becoming increasingly difficult, requiring ever greater cognitive capacity to encode and analyze information. All items are presented in black ink on a white background. * Coloured Progressive Matrices: Designed for children aged 5 through 11 years-of-age, the elderly, and mentally and physically impaired individuals. This test contains sets A and B from the standard matrices, with a further set of 12 items inserted between the two, as set Ab. Most items are presented on a coloured background to make the test visually stimulating for participants. However the very last few items in set B are presented as black-on-white; in this way, if a subject exceeds the tester's expectations, transition to sets C, D, and E of the standard matrices is eased. * Advanced Progressive Matrices: The advanced form of the matrices contains 48 items, presented as one set of 12 (set I), and another of 36 (set II). Items are again presented in black ink on a white background, and become increasingly difficult as progress is made through each set. These items are appropriate for adults and adolescents of above-average intelligence. In addition, "parallel" forms of the standard and coloured progressive matrices were published in 1998. This was to address the problem of the Raven's Matrices being too well known in the general population. Items in the parallel tests have been constructed so that average solution rates to each question are identical for the classic and parallel versions. A revised version of the SPM - the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus - was published at the same time. This was based on the "parallel" version but, although the test was the same length, it had more difficult items in order to restore the discrimination that the original SPM had among more able adolescents and young adults when it was first published. This new test, developed with the aid of better sampling arrangements and developments in the procedures available to implement the item response theory, has turned out to have exemplary test properties. Raven first published his Progressive Matrices in the United Kingdom in 1938. His three sons established Scotland-based test publisher J C Raven Ltd. in 1972. In 2004, Harcourt Assessment, Inc. a division of Harcourt Education acquired J C Raven Ltd. Harcourt was later acquired by Pearson PLC The Triple Nine Society, a high IQ society, accepts the Advanced Progressive Matrices form for one of their admission tests. They require a score of at least 32 out of 36 on or before December 31, 1999 on the RAPM.〔http://www.triplenine.org/HowtoJoin/TestScores.aspx〕 The International Society for Philosophical Enquiry (ISPE) similarly accepts the RAPM as a qualification for admission,〔http://www.thethousand.com/scores.html〕 and so does the International High IQ Society.〔http://www.highiqsociety.org/submit-qualifying-score.php〕 Underlying factors Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary tests were originally developed for use in research into the genetic and environmental origins of cognitive ability. Raven thought that the tests commonly in use at that time were cumbersome to administer and the results difficult to interpret. Accordingly, he set about developing simple measures of the two main components of Spearman's ''g''. These two components are (1) the ability to think clearly and make sense of complexity, which is known as deductive ability (from the Latin root "deducere", meaning "to draw out") and (2) the ability to store and reproduce information, known as reproductive ability. Raven’s tests of both were developed with the aid of what later became known as item response theory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raven's Progressive Matrices」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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